What is indisputable is that Bonifacio and Luna who led the struggle to establish a truly independent and democratic republic were the victims of well-entrenched families whose fortunes were entwined with the very system that oppressed the vast majority of their countrymen. Was Emilio Aguinaldo behind these killings? Perhaps. The two revolutionaries who might have moved the government to confront the United States right away were no longer around, having been assassinated: Bonifacio in 1897 and later, in 1899, with the Philippine-American War having broken out, the hawkish General Antonio Luna. Aguinaldo himself came from a well-to-do family and so his instincts were more reformist rather than revolutionary. That meant that the system under which the elites who had prospered under the Spanish would continue uninterrupted. In the interim period of about five months between the end of that war and the start of the 1899 Philippine-American War, when the Philippine revolutionary army vastly outnumbered the US troops at that time and could have forced the bluecoats to withdraw, the vested interests heavily represented in Aguinaldo’s Cabinet argued against taking the initiative and instead accepting US offers of a measure of autonomy and much needed reforms under their tutelage.
The ensuing delay in bringing the Spanish occupation to an end results in the Philippines being caught up in the 1898 Spanish-American War, with Spain being defeated and Las Islas Filipinas being taken over by the United States for $20 million, or a little less than $3 per head of the 7 million population. In short, Aguinaldo snatched defeat from the jaws of victory. Why Aguinaldo would agree to a temporary cessation of hostilities and even leave Manila for Hong Kong seems incomprehensible unless the sum of $400,000 offered by the Spanish to the provisional government be seen as a bribe. However, the truce of Biak-na-Bato in 1897, inexplicably agreed to by Aguinaldo, halted the revolutionary momentum that would have resulted in Spain’s defeat. Led by Andres Bonifacio, the working-class firebrand, the movement was riven by internecine conflicts, resulting in Bonifacio’s assassination and Emilio Aguinaldo emerging triumphant as the head of the revolution. That can be had by stepping back and examining 1986 in the light of the 1896 revolution against Imperial Spain, spearheaded by the KKK, or the Kataastasan Kagalagalangan Katipunan ng Mga Anak ng Bayan (The Highest and Most Honorable Society of the Nation’s Sons and Daughters). While all these reasons give us necessary details pertinent to 1986 and its aftermath, they fail to render a complete portrait. Hence, to the younger generation that never experienced life under a brutal dictatorship, the Marcos era was an unrivalled “golden age.” Miseducation, with public school textbooks having scant information, much less analysis, of the causes and the subsequent, deep and traumatizing wounds inflicted on the body politic by martial law and the Marcoses and their cronies.
The savvy and well-funded use of social media platforms to spread false counternarratives. Historical amnesia, that which makes those ignorant of history repeat it.
#DEJALU BOOKSTORE FREE#
Stay in the loop: sign up to Out There, our free newsletter about all the best stuff to do across the UK.Skull Shaver: The Revolutionary Way to Shave Your Head St Catherine’s Place, Bedminster, Bristol (to be confirmed) South Street, Newport, Isle of Wight (March) Which Iceland stores are closing and when?īirmingham Road Retail Park, Bromsgrove (February 25)Ĭhineham Shopping Centre, Basingstoke (February 25) Not all of the closures have a firm date yet, though it’s likely all the stores affected only have a few weeks left before they shut their doors. From Marks & Spencer to New Look and literally thousands of local banks, stores of all shapes and sizes are having to close their doors as shoppers flock online (and rein in spending during the cost-of-living crisis).Īnd the latest shopping heavyweight to be impacted? The British supermarket chain Iceland, which is set to close half a dozen branches around the country – some as early as this weekend. The high street isn’t having a great time of it right now.
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